Could tackling climate change help bring peace to South Sudan?

The world's youngest nation, South Sudan, has been embroiled in war and conflict for years.

The oil-rich nation - which won independence from Sudan in 2011 - descended into civil war in 2013, with tens of thousands of people killed and a third of the population forced to flee their homes. 

Recent research found that extreme weather, such as prolonged drought, has increased competition between communities over dwindling resources like water and pastures.

Although data is hard to come by, historically conflicts frequently occur soon after a flood or drought, said a report by a group of NGOs and U.N. agencies. 

For example, tensions between nomadic herders and settled farmers over water wells or poor harvests can lead to unoccupied and frustrated men being lured into militias.

"Climate change has a multiplier effect on the challenges experienced in South Sudan, specifically on localised conflict," said Michael Mangano, country director of aid agency ACTED in South Sudan.

INVESTING IN RESILIENCE

So could building resilience against climate shocks help bring peace to South Sudan?

"There is a growing momentum on investing in resilience in South Sudan," said Nellie Kingston of Concern Worldwide, a charity that works on the UK-funded Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters (BRACED) programme.

The project in the East African country set up early warning systems, weather monitoring tools, field schools to teach farmers best practices, and seed stores to preserve and exchange crop seeds in the event of climate shocks.

It also established 17 environment clubs in schools for students to discuss climate issues and plant trees, for example, with the minister of education keen to roll out such initiatives into the national curriculum, said Kingston.

An assessment of the project found that people felt more resilient to climate shocks after joining farmer groups, better managing their land and making savings, said Suzanne Philips of the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

GREATER COHESION

As well as equipping communities with better tools and responses to climate threats, the project sought to bring together tribes traditionally divided by conflict.

"It's one of those things we can't measure, but there are groups (taking part in the projects) that are made up of three ethnicities... so just the fact that they're meeting on a weekly basis prevents more ethnic tension," said Mangano.

Other outcomes of the project include communities becoming more self-sufficient and relying less on international aid, said Kingston, with other villages replicating some of the successful activities.

Although fragile states face huge social and economic problems, protecting people from natural disasters can be done and should be attempted despite the practical difficulties, U.N. officials have recently said. 

Conflict-torn countries may lack functioning governments, but pockets can be identified where it is possible to work with communities to reduce the risks of floods, earthquakes and other hazards, according to Robert Glasser, head of the U.N. Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. 

Despite these successes and improved resilience in South Sudan the country is still highly vulnerable to climate shocks, said Kingston.

"Resilience interventions are feasible in South Sudan," she said. "But flexibility is needed to tailor them to the local context and adjust to changing circumstances."